About these glitches. AppKit is the GUI toolkit of macOS, for Cocoa apps. AppKit apps in macOS like the Finder, TextEdit, Calendar, Preview… they all use AppKit. As it seems these graphic glitches appear only in specific apps like MS Office, and some icons (why some and not all of them BTW? Are the affected icons always the same or do glitches appear randomly on all of them?), I suspect the origin of these artifacts rather come from a rendering scheme using OpenGL encapsulation of the rendered interface (Quartz Extreme compositing I think).
You are using a 4K-UHD display, so the HiDPI "Retina" logical resolution of macOS is different than the hardware resolution.
1) If you don't use the Retina feature (when you max out the definition) then you display a logical resolution matching the hardware resolution of 3840x2160 pixels. The interface appears really tiny, but in this case the system does not have to compute a different logical resolution. So it does not have to rely on the GPU as much, that's why I think there are actually
less glitches at maximum resolution.
2) The default Retina resolution would be half of that (4× less logical pixels) that is to say 1920×1080.
3) Outside of this "best" Retina resolution, you can choose to scale the interface among a short range, so it gets bigger or smaller than the default one. But in this case, the system has to compute back and forth to render the GUI at a bigger size then a lower size matching the chosen non-default Retina resolution. This additional processing may be done with Quartz Extreme (thus by the GPU) and the output may not be what macOS is expecting, as the GPU is spoofed.
Can you try to see if there are less artifacts selecting the default setting Scale → Best (Retina) in the Display Prefpane of System Preferences (fewer than with "larger text" or "more space" options)?
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