This saga is finally coming to end... but with one more twist! I had to rely on my cMP5,1 to run the installer because of the SATA SSD (as reminded by
@TheBloke). After I got the SSD upgraded and rebooted on my X299, I got this panic


... Before I gave up, I thought I should try using my original EFI (prepared according to the Dortania guide) instead of the one provided by
@Loloflatsix. And it worked! I am now typing on Big Sur... The last thing to do is to copy this BS install to the faster nvme drive on my X299 mobo. Thanks so much for your help!