Ok, quick update: I solved my previous problem by using Disk Utility in the installer instead of Macdrive on Windows to create my install partition. I ran Disk Utility>Selected my 1TB drive>Erase>named it and made sure it said GUID Partition Table>Apply. I actually ran this twice in the same boot before pressing Install, in case these steps don't work for anyone just trying to Erase once. I also double checked using Terminal>'diskutil list' that my install destination's EFI partition was ~209.7MB, as opposed to my Windows install EFI which was ~108.9MB (I've read that OS X's EFI is roughly double the size of Window's, so it was just a quick check).
But I've run into yet again another issue. The installer successfully installed, and it restarted. I chose my Installer USB to get to clover, and I booted the newly installed partition from the 1TB drive. It spat out everything I saw before when I booted the installer USB, but after the verbose was done, it put me at a black screen with a flashing cursor. Not just an underscore cursor, but one where the entire character slot is white. I was expecting an Apple logo and loading bar, similar to when I booted the installer drive. My EFI is the same as attached in the post above this.
Edit: booting in Safe mode (-x) will let me get to the post-install. Will follow the rest of the guide then see where I'm at!
Edit 2: I was able to complete the OS X setup in safe mode, but I could not mount the Mac's EFI partition to install clover (I want clover on my 1TB drive, and I will make that my first boot priority in my bios). I can boot to OS X, but only in safe mode. The verbose output when I boot without safe mode does not throw any errors that I can see. Any ideas?